Welcome to Rent
control
History of Rent Controls in America
In the United States during World War I, rents were "controlled"
through the efforts of local rent anti-profiteering committees
and public pressure. Between 1919 and 1924, a number of cities
and states adopted rent and eviction control laws. Modern rent
controls were first adopted in response to WWII-era shortages,
or following Richard Nixon's 1971 wage and price controls. They
remain in effect or have been reintroduced in some cities with
large tenant populations, such as New York, San Francisco, Los
Angeles, Washington, DC, and Oakland, California. Many smaller
communities also have rent control, notably Santa Monica,
Berkeley, and West Hollywood, California along with many
small towns in New Jersey. In recent years, rent control in some
cities, such as Boston, Massachusetts and Cambridge,
Massachusetts, has been ended by state referenda.
New York has had the longest experience of rent controls, since
1943, with most residents being unable to remember a time
beforehand. The period has been marked by the lack of an
"adequate supply of decent... housing". The worsening in the
rental market led to the enactment of the Rent Stabilization Law
of 1969, which aimed to help increase the number of places put
up for rent. The current system is very complicated, which is
especially troublesome as most of the protected renters are
elderly, and understanding the city's complex rent-control
regulations is difficult even for experienced lawyers.
In some regions rent control laws are more commonly adopted for
mobile home parks. Reasons given for these laws include
residents owning their homes (and renting the land), the high
cost of moving mobile homes, and the loss of home value when
they are moved. California, for example, has only 13 local
apartment rent control laws but over 100 local mobile home rent
control laws. No new mobile home parks have been built in
California since 1991.
Purpose and scope
Although the political debate over rent control is far-reaching,
as described below, the purposes and provisions of such laws are
intended to be limited in scope. They define which rental units
are affected, and may have only larger or older rental complexes
covered by the law. The frequency and degree of rent increases
are limited, usually to the rate of inflation defined by the
Consumer Price Index or to a fraction thereof. (San Francisco,
for example, allows annual rent increases of 60% of the CPI, up
to a maximum 7%.)
Unregulated rent increases may be allowed when a tenant moves
("vacancy decontrol"). Rent-control laws that don't include
vacancy decontrol are called strong rent-control laws. Such laws
were in effect in five California cities (West Hollywood, Santa
Monica, Berkeley, East Palo Alto and Cotati) in 1996, when AB
1164 (known as the Costa/Hawkins Bill) made strong rent-control
unenforceable in California (except in special cases like mobile
home parks).
Economic
The rental-accommodation market suffers from information
asymmetries and high transaction costs. Typically, a landlord
has much more information about a home than a prospective tenant
can reasonably detect. Moreover, once the tenant has moved in,
the costs of moving again are very high. Unscrupulous landlords
can thus conceal defects and, if the tenant complains, threaten
to raise the rent at the end of the lease. With rent control,
tenants can ensure that hidden defects at least be repaired to
comply with building code requirements, without fearing
retaliatory rent increases. Rent control may thus compensate
somewhat for inefficiencies of the housing market.
Income tax codes often provide benefits for housing, and rent
control allows tenants to share in some of those benefits. In
the United States, the Internal Revenue Code allows landlords to
claim depreciation deductions for rental property even while
increasing rents. Homeowners may also deduct property taxes
and mortgage interest, and exclude capital gains, from their
taxable income. Tenants pay income tax but get none of these
housing-related deductions or exclusions. By limiting the extent
to which landlords can raise rent on purportedly depreciated
property, rent control restores balance to tax benefits that
would otherwise become concentrated solely in the hands of
landlords.
Social
Rent control is considered necessary to protect the public
and to prevent landlords from imposing rent increases that cause
key workers or vulnerable people to leave an area. Maintaining a
supply of affordable housing is believed to be essential to
sustaining the local society. Homeowners who support rent
control point to the neighborhood instability caused by high or
frequent rent increases and the effect on schools, youth groups,
and community organizations when tenants move more frequently.
Enforcement issues
Some landlords use extralegal means to evade rent controls and
attempt to take advantage of housing conditions. Some landlords
may step up discrimination against any group they dislike if
they believe there is a surplus of prospective tenants.
Jurisdictions that implement rent controls may have to pass laws
in response such as those forbidding landlords from compelling
new tenants to hire the landlord's moving company. In some areas
with especially strict rent controls, landlords may require "key
money" (a non-refundable deposit). Demanding key money is
illegal in most of North America, but since the landlord will
invariably demand it in cash, it is very difficult to trace and
nearly impossible to prove in court. Rent control enforcement
may likewise create considerable bureaucratic hurdles for the
repair and improvement of properties, creating a disincentive
for landlords to carry out such actions.
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